Early Modern Era(1504–1711)

Polish forces used a wagon-fort (tabor) defense and forest terrain to neutralize Moldavian cavalry superiority, then launched coordinated countercharges that shattered the Moldavian lines. All 50 Moldavian cannons were captured.

Heraclid's army, equipped with Spanish arquebusiers, defeated the Moldavian force after the cavalry commander Moțoc defected to the enemy during battle. Heraclid usurped the Moldavian throne.

John the Terrible and his Cossack mercenaries repelled an Ottoman-backed Wallachian incursion, temporarily ousting Alexander II Mircea from the Wallachian throne and disrupting Ottoman control over the principalities.

Heavy rains rendered Moldavian artillery useless; boyar defections to the Ottomans during battle sealed Moldavia's fate. John surrendered on condition his men be spared, but the Ottomans massacred the survivors and executed John by having him torn apart by camels.

Michael the Brave used marshy terrain and a narrow bridge over the Neajlov River as a chokepoint to neutralize Ottoman numerical advantage. After repelling frontal assaults, Wallachian cavalry flanked the Ottomans into the marshes. Sinan Pasha was unhorsed and nearly drowned. Michael then executed a strategic retreat to await Transylvanian reinforcements. Note: the total Ottoman campaign army was ~90,000–100,000, but terrain at the Neajlov bridgehead limited the engaged force to ~35,000.

Mass defections by the Székelys — who despised the Báthory family and were promised restored privileges by Michael — crippled the Transylvanian defense. Cardinal Báthory fled and was subsequently assassinated by Székely warriors after the battle.

Cossack mercenaries fled early, Baba Novac's cavalry could not hold the center. Michael was outmaneuvered and narrowly escaped by swimming across the Mureș River.

Michael and Basta temporarily reconciled under Imperial orders to crush Sigismund Báthory's return under Ottoman protection. All 45 Transylvanian cannons were captured. Days later, on August 9, 1601, Basta ordered Michael the Brave's assassination.

Wallachian Voivode Radu Șerban defeated the Ottoman-backed Transylvanian pretender Mózes Székely near Brașov, reinforcing Habsburg dominance over Transylvania in the final phase of the Long Turkish War before the Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606).

Moldavian auxiliaries defected to the Ottomans on the first day. After an 11-day standoff, the Polish retreat collapsed under Tatar pressure. Hetman Żółkiewski was killed; his head was sent to the Sultan in Constantinople.

The massive Ottoman invasion force was halted by heavily entrenched Commonwealth and Zaporozhian Cossack troops in fortified positions along the Dniester. The Treaty of Khotyn affirmed the status quo.

Vasile Lupu attempted to install his son on the Wallachian throne but was utterly routed after Wallachian artillery broke the Moldavian-Cossack lines. Thousands of Moldavians, Cossacks, and Tatar auxiliaries were killed or captured.

Thököly launched a surprise attack through the Bran gorge, completely smashing the Transylvanian defensive force. General Heißler was captured and Transylvanian commander Teleki was killed. Thököly was briefly elected Prince of Transylvania.

Part of Rákóczi's War of Independence against the Habsburgs. The Imperial victory temporarily crippled the anti-Habsburg rebellion in Transylvania, though Kuruc partisans recovered some territories in 1706.